Everything we teach in school is likely to be complicated by students' prior experience or study. The more we know about what students already think and feel about subject matter, the better we can teach them.

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Teachers plan, and then teachers and students together make the lesson whatever it turns out to be. To keep adjusting the plan to reach the intended goal, a teacher has to know how it's going along the way.

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In an era of exacting standards and extensive testing, a teacher must be able to estimate what her students know and are able to do--before they take the statewide test..

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